These hybrids are called Kahli Swallowtails. In North Dakota and southern Manitoba, the Black Swallowtail is thought to breed with the Old World Swallowtail. He suggested that even though the Ozark Swallowtail looks exactly like the Black Swallowtail, it is actually more closely related to the Old World Swallowtail ( Papilio machaon). Felix Sperling did an analysis of the Ozark Swallowtail's DNA. The Ozark Swallowtail ( Papilio joanae) and the Black Swallowtail were once thought to be the same species. The bottom wing has two rows of orange spots with a blue area between them. The top wing is black with two rows of yellow- orange spots. The underside of the wings is the same in both sexes. The female mimics the Pipevine Swallowtail ( Battus philenor). The female also has the same red and black spot on the bottom wing as the male. There is a large area of blue on the bottom wing between these two rows. There are two rows of light yellow spots along the edges of both wings. The upper side of the female's wings is black. On the bottom edge of the bottom wing, there is a red spot with a small black dot in the center. There is a small area of blue on the bottom wing between the two rows of yellow spots. There are two rows of yellow spots along the edges of both wings. The upper side of the male's wings is black. The 2018 International Residential Code (IRC), published by the International Code Council (ICC) defines running bond as: ‘The placement of masonry units such that head joints in successive courses are horizontally offset not less than one-quarter the unit length.The Black Swallowtail has a wingspan of 6.7 to 10 cm (2.7 to 4 in). This bond uses three stretchers and one header in each course. Sussex bond (same as Flemish garden wall bond) This is often used purely for decorative purposes and in rain-screen applications. The alignment of joints results in minimal bonding which means that this bond is weak and often structurally unsound unless wire bed- joint reinforcement is placed in every horizontal course or, where loading is moderate, every alternate course. Bricks can either be stacked horizontally or vertically. In stack bond, bricks are laid directly on top of one another with joins aligned, running vertically down the entire wall. It is similar to the stretcher bond but with headers instead of stretchers. This bond features courses of headers offset by half a brick. The headers are centred over the join between the two stretchers in the course below. This variant of Flemish bond involves two stretchers between the headers in each course. The header is centred over the stretcher in the middle of a group of three in the course below. This variant of Flemish bond uses one header to three stretchers in each course. Flemish garden wall (also called Sussex bond) This bond is strong and often used for walls which are two- bricks thick. The headers of each course are centred on the stretchers of the course below. This is formed by laying headers and stretchers alternately in each course. Staggering stretchers enables patterns to be picked out in different texture or coloured bricks. The stretchers are centred on the joins between the stretchers below them, so that the alternating stretcher courses are aligned. This alternates courses of stretchers and headers, with the alternating stretcher course being offset by half a brick. This gives quick lateral spread of load and uses fewer facings than an English bond. The headers are centred on the headers in course below. This is similar to the English bond but with one course of headers for every three courses of stretcher. This is one of the strongest bonds but requires more facing bricks than other bonds. The joins between the stretchers are centred on the headers in the course below. This is a pattern formed by laying alternate courses of stretchers and headers. The overlap between bricks is usually a third or a quarter of a brick, instead of half a brick. This type of bonding is not particularly strong.Ī variation is the raking stretcher bond. The most commonly used bond in the UK, a pattern is made only using stretchers, with the joins on each course centred above and below by half a brick. Distribute loads throughout the structure to achieve maximum strength.Very broadly, bricks can be laid as soldiers (standing upright), stretchers (laid lengthwise along the wall) or headers (laid width wise along the wall).īricks are typically laid to an offset pattern to maintain an adequate lap between joints from one course to the next and to ensure that vertical joints are not positioned above one another on consecutive courses. 3 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wikiīonding is the arrangement of bricks in a structure such as a wall or column.2.10 Sussex bond (same as Flemish garden wall bond).2.6 Flemish garden wall (also called Sussex bond).
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